Understanding Acute Colitis: Causes and Treatment
Intro
Acute colitis is much more than just a medical term thrown around in clinical discussions. It's a condition that significantly impacts the lives of those who suffer from it, often manifesting through sudden and painful symptoms that can affect daily activities. As the colon becomes inflamed, various factors can lead to this disturbance, placing its complexities at the forefront of medical inquiry. This article serves as a window into the multifarious causes, accurate diagnostic approaches, and the evolving management strategies associated with acute colitis, thereby equipping both practitioners and curious minds with essential knowledge.
Understanding acute colitis isn't merely an academic exercise; itās vital for improving patient outcomes. By delving into the nuances of causative factors ranging from infections to ischemic conditions, we glean insight into not just the condition itself, but also the broader implications it has on healthcare. Furthermore, as the landscape of medical treatment continues to evolve, exploring both medical and surgical management options becomes increasingly significant in crafting holistic patient care strategies that reflect current best practices.
"Acute colitis can stem from a variety of triggers, each requiring a tailored approach for optimal patient management."
Through a structured examination of the subject, we aim to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of acute colitis, fostering informed dialogue among a diverse audience from students to seasoned healthcare professionals.
Overview of Acute Colitis
Acute colitis, though it may not always make headlines, has profound effects on public health and personal well-being. It presents a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and social factors that can significantly disrupt an individual's life. The prevalence of acute colitis continues to rise, and that fact alone underscores its importance not just in clinical settings but also in public health discourse. This overview provides a foundation from which one can explore the multifaceted nature of this condition.
Definition and Pathophysiology
At its core, acute colitis refers to the sudden inflammation of the inner lining of the colon. This inflammation can stem from various etiological factors, ranging from infectious agents to ischemic conditions. The pathophysiological processes might involve a disruption of the gut barrier, leading to increased intestinal permeability, which can trigger an inflammatory cascade. This cascade then results in symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and sometimes rectal bleeding.
Understanding the mechanisms by which acute colitis develops is crucial not just for diagnosis but also for tailoring effective management strategies. The severity of symptoms can vary widely ā some individuals may experience mild discomfort, while others may face life-threatening complications, which makes early and accurate intervention vital.
Prevalence and Incidence
The incidence of acute colitis is not a trivial matter. Current studies suggest that the condition affects millions globally. For instance, data shows that approximately 15 to 20 people per 100,000 are diagnosed with forms of acute colitis each year. This incidence currently has implications not only for individual patients but also for healthcare systems, which must accommodate increased demand for diagnostic and therapeutic services.
The condition is not uniformly distributed across populations. Certain demographic factors, including age and geographical location, can heavily influence the prevalence of acute colitis. In addition, lifestyle choices and environmental exposures play a pivotal role. Some recent studies have pointed to increases in incidence that correlate with the consumption of processed foods, hinting at the intricate relationship between diet and gut health.
Understanding the epidemiological landscape of acute colitis aids in recognizing high-risk groups and developing preventative strategies.
Understanding the epidemiological landscape of acute colitis aids in recognizing high-risk groups and developing preventative strategies.
In summary, the overview of acute colitis sets the stage for a more detailed exploration of its causes, diagnosis approaches, and management options. A comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology and prevalence lays the groundwork for further investigation into the nature of this condition.
Etiological Factors of Acute Colitis
Understanding the causes of acute colitis is crucial for both accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The factors triggering this condition can be diverse, ranging from infections to vascular problems. By investigating these factors, healthcare professionals can tailor their approach to each patient, ensuring that the management strategy addresses the root cause of the inflammation. This section delves into the primary etiological factors associated with acute colitis, offering insights into why a thorough understanding is significant in today's medical landscape.
Infectious Agents
Infectious agents represent a major category of causative factors for acute colitis.
Bacterial Infections
Bacterial infections can lead to significant gastrointestinal distress, with pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella being prominent culprits. These infections often come to the forefront, especially in instances of foodborne illness. The major characteristic of bacterial infections is their ability to rapidly proliferate, causing inflammation and ulcers in the intestinal lining. Therefore, they are a focal point of this article.
A unique feature of bacterial causes is their relatively straightforward identification and treatment. Clinical tests can reveal the culprits behind an outbreak, allowing for targeted antibiotic therapies. However, the drawback is that thereās rising antibiotic resistance, which complicates treatment plans for practitioners.
Viral Infections
Viral infections, while often less talked about, also contribute notably to cases of acute colitis. Viruses such as the norovirus and rotavirus can disrupt normal gut function, leading to inflammation. One key characteristic of viral infections is their highly contagious nature, often leading to outbreaks in close quarters like schools or nursing homes.
A distinct advantage of understanding viral infections lies in the fact that they often resolve with supportive care. However, the challenge arises when distinguishing between viral and bacterial manifestations, as treatments differ significantly.
Parasitic Infections
Parasitic infections are another important aspect of the infectious agents contributing to acute colitis. Entamoeba histolytica is a well-known protozoan associated with amoebic dysentery. These infections can be insidious, showing symptoms days or weeks after exposure. One notable characteristic is their potential to cause severe intestinal damage, necessitating more aggressive treatment compared to other infections.
The unique feature of parasitic infections is the complexity of diagnosing them, as they often require specific stool tests to detect. The downside is that these infections can mimic other forms of colitis, leading to possible misdiagnosis and resulting in delayed treatment.
Ischemic Causes
Ischemic causes of acute colitis involve a lack of blood flow to the colon, resulting in inflammation and potentially significant damage. This category is increasingly recognized, particularly in older populations or those with underlying vascular conditions.
Mesenteric Ischemia
Mesenteric ischemia refers specifically to the insufficient blood flow in the mesenteric arteries that supply the intestines. This condition can stem from various factors, including embolism or thrombosis. A key characteristic is the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, often dramatic compared to other types of colitis.
The unique feature of mesenteric ischemia is that it necessitates urgent intervention to prevent irreversible damage to the bowel. While surgical options are often required to restore blood flow, misdiagnosis can lead to dire consequences, highlighting the urgency in understanding this cause.
Other Vascular Issues
Beyond mesenteric ischemia, other vascular issues can lead to ischemic colitis. Conditions such as atherosclerosis or chronic low blood flow can cause varying degrees of bowel ischemia. These factors are essential to consider when evaluating the broader context of acute colitis. The advantage of identifying such vascular causes is the potential for non-surgical interventions to support blood flow.
However, the challenge lies in the nuanced understanding required to distinguish these vascular problems from other causes, necessitating comprehensive clinical evaluation.
Inflammatory Conditions
The inflammatory conditions categorized under this section often represent chronic issues that can lead to acute presentations. These underlying conditions play a vital role in shaping the long-term management of patients.
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can lead to acute attacks. It is characterized by the presence of ulcers in the colon, creating symptoms like frequent diarrhea and hematochezia. The main characteristic of ulcerative colitis is its relapsing nature, requiring ongoing management strategies.
This aspect makes it a significant point of focus in the article, as understanding it opens doors to explore both prompt management during flares and long-term care strategies. The unique element here is its association with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, necessitating regular surveillance among patients.
Crohns Disease
Crohn's disease, another chronic inflammatory bowel disease, can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by transmural inflammation, which can lead to complications like fistulas or strictures. The key characteristic of Crohn's disease is its unpredictable pattern of flares and remissions.
Understanding this condition is beneficial because it often requires a multi-faceted approach to management, including lifestyle changes, medications, and possibly surgery. A significant drawback is the risk of mismanagement, which can exacerbate symptoms and lead to hospitalizations.
In summary, by actively exploring these diverse etiological factors, we can equip ourselves with the necessary understanding to better diagnose and manage acute colitis, enhancing our ability to care for affected individuals.
Clinical Presentation and Symptoms
Understanding the clinical presentation and symptoms of acute colitis is key to identifying its onset and managing the condition effectively. The symptoms often serve as a primary guide in the differential diagnosis process, leading healthcare providers to necessary investigations and tailored treatment plans. By delving into the common symptoms, we can unveil the various ways acute colitis manifests, which can significantly impact patient care and outcomes.
Common Symptoms
Recognizing common symptoms aids in swift treatment and gives insights into the severity of the condition. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding stand out as the most prevalent indicators of acute colitis.
Abdominal Pain
Abdominal pain is often the first red flag in a patient suffering from acute colitis. It can range from mild discomfort to sharp, debilitating pain. What makes abdominal pain particularly noteworthy is that its location and intensity can provide clues regarding the region of the colon that is inflamed. Patients might describe the sensation as cramping or colicky, with episodes that seem to coincide with bowel movements. Such characteristics are beneficial for identifying the specific nature of inflammation, which is integral for the accurate diagnosis of colitis types.
A unique feature of abdominal pain in acute colitis is its potential to signal other complications, such as perforation or abscess development, which can significantly complicate management. However, being that abdominal pain is subjective and varies widely among individuals, relying solely on its presence may lead to misinterpretation in some cases.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea is another hallmark symptom of acute colitis and can be both frequent and urgent. The stool may present as watery, mucus-laden, or even contain blood. This specific aspect emphasizes the gastrointestinal tract's compromised state and indicates a need for immediate medical attention.
It's crucial to recognize that diarrhea in this context serves more than just discomfort; it highlights the body's attempt to rid itself of inflammation and harmful agents. The urgency often felt by patients can lead them to avoid social situations or routines, which can significantly affect quality of life. However, a potential downside is that such frequent bowel movements can lead to dehydration, an important condition that needs monitoring.
Rectal Bleeding
Rectal bleeding constitutes a serious symptom that often raises alarm bells for both patients and clinicians alike. It may range from light traces of blood on tissue to more severe cases where significant amounts of blood are seen in the stool. This specific symptom underscores the inflammatory process affecting the lining of the colon, creating ulcerations that lead to bleeding.
The distinct characteristic of rectal bleeding lies in its visibility, which often compels patients to seek medical help sooner than they might for other symptoms. While this urgency can facilitate prompt diagnosis and intervention, it can also lead to heightened anxiety and distress in patients, impacting their overall well-being.
Complications Associated
Despite prompt attention, complications from acute colitis can ariseāranging from mild to life-threatening situations. Complications may include severe dehydration, toxic megacolon, and increased risk of colorectal cancer in the long term. Recognizing these potential issues prior to their worsening can safeguard patients and can save lives. Prompt recognition of symptoms is crucial.
"Understanding the critical symptoms helps bridge the gap between onset and effective treatment."
"Understanding the critical symptoms helps bridge the gap between onset and effective treatment."
In summary, the clinical presentation of acute colitis, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding, plays a pivotal role in diagnosing the condition. Each symptom tells its own story about the underlying processes at play. Understanding these indicators ensures a more comprehensive approach to treatment and aids in improving patient outcomes.
Diagnostic Approaches
Understanding the diagnostic approaches utilized for acute colitis is pivotal in effectively managing this condition. The early identification of the type and cause of colitis can significantly influence treatment options, potentially leading to better patient outcomes. Utilizing a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, imaging techniques, and endoscopic methods allows healthcare professionals to obtain a holistic view of the patient's health, facilitating precise diagnosis and management strategies. Each of these components plays an integral role and often informs and supports the others, creating a comprehensive diagnostic framework.
Clinical Evaluation
Clinical evaluation is typically the first step in diagnosing acute colitis. Healthcare providers gather a patient's medical history and conduct a thorough physical examination. This helps in pinpointing specific symptoms, which often include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. An adept clinician will pay close attention to the onset and duration of symptoms, any recent travel history, dietary habits, or antibiotic usage, which can be crucial in narrowing down potential causes. Additionally, asking about associated symptoms, such as fever or weight loss, provides significant clues.
The physical examination focuses on signs of dehydration, abdominal tenderness, or distension. These observations guide further diagnostic testing by highlighting areas that need closer investigation, whether itās an infectious source, ischemic event, or underlying inflammation.
Laboratory Testing
Complete Blood Count
The complete blood count (CBC) is a vital diagnostic tool in assessing patients with acute colitis. It provides essential insights into a patient's overall health, especially concerning infection and inflammation. A key characteristic of the CBC is its ability to quickly reveal important parameters such as white blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and platelets.
High white blood cell counts can indicate an inflammatory process or infection, which is often seen in various forms of colitis. The ease of obtaining a CBC and the rapid results typically make it a popular choice in this context.
Although the CBC is informative, one must be cautious; it wonāt pinpoint the cause of colitis without correlating findings from other tests. Anomalies in the test must be interpreted in the context of the clinical picture and keep in mind that normal results don't rule out a colitis diagnosis.
Stool Tests
Stool tests are crucial for diagnosing acute colitis, as they can help identify infectious agents. One significant aspect of stool testing is its ability to reveal pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites that may be at the root of the symptoms. Stool tests usually include specific assays for common pathogens, as well as tests for occult blood.
The benefit of stool testing lies in its non-invasive nature and the wide range of conditions it can identify. A single test can provide substantial information about various infectious causes. However, a limitation is that stool tests can sometimes yield false negatives, especially if the pathogens are intermittent or have already passed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Imaging Techniques
CT Scanning
CT scanning has become a cornerstone in the imaging approaches to diagnosing acute colitis. This technique offers detailed cross-sectional views of the abdomen, allowing the visualization of both the colon and surrounding structures to rule out complications such as abscesses or perforations. A key characteristic of CT scans is both their speed and accuracy.
Because of their ability to illustrate structural changes within the bowel and assess extraintestinal issues, CT scans are often seen as a beneficial choice. However, the exposure to radiation poses a disadvantage, particularly in young patients who may require multiple scans over time. Therefore, the benefits must be weighed against risks on a case-by-case basis.
MRI
MRI is increasingly being utilized to visualize colonic pathology, especially when a patient may be at risk of radiation exposure from CT scans. One significant aspect of MRI is its capacity to provide detailed soft tissue contrast, which is crucial for assessing the bowel wall's thickness and identifying complications.
MRI stands out as a beneficial option for pregnant patients or those with a history of high radiation exposure. However, it is less accessible and typically more time-consuming than CT. Additionally, in cases of acute colitis, the MRI may take longer to perform, which might not suit every urgent clinical scenario.
Endoscopy
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is often considered the gold standard in diagnosing acute colitis, allowing direct visualization of the colonic mucosa. During this procedure, the physician can assess the inflammatory process firsthand and take biopsies if necessary. This offers significant insight into various types of colitis.
The ability to directly observe the mucosal surface makes colonoscopy exceptionally informative. It's a favored choice due to its therapeutic potential as well; practitioners can manage identified lesions during the same procedure. However, the risks of perforation and sedation reactions are notable concerns, which necessitate careful patient selection and preparation.
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Flexible sigmoidoscopy serves as a less invasive alternative to full colonoscopy, focusing on the lower part of the colon. This method gives an excellent look at any inflammatory changes or lesions in the sigmoid and rectal regions. A prominent advantage of this approach is that it typically requires less preparation than a full colonoscopy, making it easier for patients.
While it may not allow for a comprehensive assessment of the entire colon, it is quite effective in diagnosing localized colonic issues and can often be performed in an outpatient setting. Limitations include its inability to visualize the proximal colon, which might lead to missed pathologies.
In summary, early and accurate diagnosis is vital in managing acute colitis, necessitating a multi-faceted diagnostic approach. Integrating clinical evaluations with laboratory, imaging, and endoscopic examinations helps ensure that healthcare professionals can navigate this complex condition effectively.
In summary, early and accurate diagnosis is vital in managing acute colitis, necessitating a multi-faceted diagnostic approach. Integrating clinical evaluations with laboratory, imaging, and endoscopic examinations helps ensure that healthcare professionals can navigate this complex condition effectively.
Management Strategies
The management strategies for acute colitis play a vital role in mitigating symptoms and improving patient outcomes. This section will explore various approaches including medical management, surgical options, and nutritional support. Understanding the nuances of these strategies is essential, not only for healthcare professionals but also for patients looking to grasp their treatment options.
Medical Management
Medications
Medical therapy is often the first line of defense against acute colitis. Medications can vary widely based on the underlying cause of the inflammation. For example, corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce inflammation quickly, while antibiotics may be effective against bacterial infections. The key characteristic of these medications is their ability to provide swift relief from severe symptoms, such as abdominal pain and diarrhea.
One unique feature of the medications prescribed for acute colitis is their targeted action. They address specific triggers of the condition, making them a beneficial choice for immediate symptom management. However, there are some disadvantages to consider; long-term use of certain medications, particularly steroids, can lead to significant side effects, such as immunosuppression and weight gain. Balancing these benefits and disadvantages is crucial in the overall management plan.
Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement
Fluid and electrolyte replacement represents another cornerstone of medical management. Given that acute colitis can often induce severe diarrhea, patients can rapidly lose fluids and crucial electrolytes like sodium and potassium. Administering oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids can not only prevent dehydration but also restore electrolyte balance.
The importance of this support cannot be overstated; it keeps patients hydrated and helps them avoid complications associated with fluid loss. An important benefit of such replacement therapies is their accessibility. They can often be administered at home or in outpatient settings, which is quite advantageous. Nonetheless, careful monitoring is needed, especially in severe cases, to ensure the electrolyte levels remain stable.
Surgical Interventions
Indications for Surgery
While many patients respond well to conservative treatments, some may require surgical intervention. The indications for surgery frequently arise in cases where there is a high risk for complications such as perforation of the colon or severe hemorrhaging. Understanding when to refer to surgical options is crucial, as timely intervention can prevent life-threatening scenarios.
One key feature of surgical intervention is its ability to provide a definitive solution to problems, particularly when medications fail. However, surgery always carries inherent risks and may require significant recovery time. Therefore, weighing the potential benefits against these risks should always be a prominent concern when considering surgical interventions in acute colitis.
Surgical Procedures
Several surgical procedures are available, depending on the severity and type of colitis. The most common surgeries involve resections where affected parts of the colon are removed. This helps mitigate symptoms and complications associated with disease processes.
One of the standout characteristics of these surgical procedures is their potential to significantly improve quality of life for certain patients. However, there can be considerable downsides, including post-operative complications and the possibility of requiring further treatment, such as ostomy care. Thus, the decision to proceed with surgery must be made with comprehensive understanding and a multidisciplinary discussion.
Nutritional Support
Oral Rehydration Solutions
As patients navigate recovery, nutritional support becomes increasingly significant. Oral rehydration solutions are designed to not only replenish lost fluids but also deliver critical nutrients that contribute to gut healing. This makes them a popular choice, especially when dietary intake is disrupted due to symptoms like nausea or severe diarrhea.
The unique feature of these solutions lies in their formulation, which ensures that electrolytes are replaced effectively and promptly. Such characteristics underscore their role in enhancing recovery. However, it is important to recognize that they may not suffice as a standalone treatment for all patients, particularly those with severe malabsorption issues.
Dietary Adjustments
Finally, dietary adjustments contribute significantly to the management paradigm for acute colitis. Depending on the symptoms and their severity, healthcare professionals may recommend a low-fiber or even a bland diet to ease strain on the gut. Notably, such modifications can play an essential role in minimizing discomfort and managing symptoms effectively.
A key characteristic of dietary adjustments is their adaptability; they can be tailored to the individual's specific triggers and preferences, offering a personalized approach to recovery. However, one must tread carefully; inappropriate dietary choices can exacerbate symptoms and lead to further complications, highlighting the need for guidance from a healthcare provider.
"The management of acute colitis transcends mere symptomatic treatment; it necessitates a thorough understanding of individual needs and a comprehensive approach to care."
"The management of acute colitis transcends mere symptomatic treatment; it necessitates a thorough understanding of individual needs and a comprehensive approach to care."
Combining these strategiesāmedical, surgical, and nutritionalāfosters a multidimensional approach to acute colitis management. This blend allows for a more personalized and effective treatment plan, ensuring that the main focus remains on patient well-being.
Prognosis and Outcomes
Understanding the prognosis and outcomes of acute colitis is crucial for both patients and healthcare providers. Prognosis refers to the likely course of the disease, including potential complications and recovery time. Recognizing the factors influencing prognosis can inform treatment choices and help set patient expectations. The outcome is greatly influenced by a mix of personal health, the specifics of the hypersensitivity reaction, and the timely initiation of treatment. Moreover, a thorough grasp of long-term outcomes also aids in crafting necessary follow-ups and supportive measures for patients.
Factors Influencing Prognosis
The prognosis for individuals diagnosed with acute colitis can vary substantially. Factors affecting these outcomes include:
- Age of the patient: Younger individuals often tend to recover better and faster. In contrast, older patients may face more severe complications owing to comorbidities.
- Underlying health conditions: Conditions such as diabetes or heart diseases can complicate the situation and lead to poorer outcomes.
- Severity of the initial episode: Those experiencing moderate to severe symptoms upon diagnosis may have an unnecessarily prolonged recovery or risk of complications.
- Timeliness of treatment: Prompt diagnosis and suitable management can lead to rapidly improved outcomes, while delays may worsen the prognosis.
- Response to treatment: Some patients may not respond as expected to the initial treatment plans, requiring adjustments that make the overall management more complex.
"A stitch in time saves nine." This old saying rings especially true in the management of acute colitis.
"A stitch in time saves nine." This old saying rings especially true in the management of acute colitis.
Long-Term Outcomes
Long-term outcomes for patients with acute colitis can significantly diverge based on a range of circumstances. Generally, if the colitis is identified early and treated appropriately, many patients can achieve remission and return to their normal lives. However, some may face ongoing challenges.
- Recurrence of symptoms: It's not uncommon for individuals to experience flare-ups later on, which may call for further interventions.
- Potential complications: Complications, including colonic perforation or severe dehydration, may arise if acute colitis is not managed properly. These scenarios can have lasting impacts on quality of life.
- Psychological effects: Chronic gastrointestinal issues can lead to emotional stress and anxiety. The continuous monitoring, dietary adjustments, and medication regimens can contribute to these feelings, impacting the overall health of the patient.
- Need for lifestyle adjustments: Many patients opt to modify their diets or lifestyle routines to manage symptoms and avoid triggers.
On the other hand, research is emerging regarding genetic and molecular dimensions of colitis, which may shed light on more tailored management strategies in the future. Thus, understanding these long-term ramifications is vital for healthcare professionals, caregivers, and families to ensure adequate support and patient education.
Future Directions in Research
Research into acute colitis is at a pivotal crossroads, presenting numerous opportunities for improvement in diagnosis and treatment. The evolving understanding of colonic inflammation's underlying mechanisms holds the promise of more effective therapeutic options. These advancements are not just beneficial; they could drastically change the way we approach care for patients suffering from this condition.
Emerging Therapies
The development of innovative therapies is crucial for not only managing acute colitis but also striving toward more sustainable treatment outcomes. One promising area is the exploration of biologic medications designed to target specific pathways involved in the inflammatory process. These therapies can help to reduce the frequency and severity of flare-ups.
- Monoclonal Antibodies: Agents like infliximab and adalimumab have shown efficacy in treating inflammatory bowel diseases and may offer new hope for severe cases of acute colitis.
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT): This involves transferring gut microbiota from a healthy individual to restore health in those suffering from dysbiosis, which often accompanies colitis.
As researchers delve deeper into these therapies, clinical trials will be important to ascertain their effectiveness and safety. The success of such treatments could improve the quality of life significantly for patients who grapple not just with physical symptoms, but also with social and psychological impacts.
Genetic and Molecular Studies
Advancements in genetic and molecular research bring a modern twist to the understanding of acute colitis. Studies focusing on genetic predispositions allow for personalized medicine approaches that tailor treatment to individual patientsā needs.
- Genetic Markers: Identifying specific genetic markers associated with acute colitis can lead to early detection and targeted interventions based on a patientās unique genetic profile.
- Molecular Pathways: Understanding the molecular pathways involved in the inflammatory response helps researchers design drugs that directly inhibit problematic processes, thereby alleviating symptoms.
The accumulation of genomic data, coupled with the development of bioinformatics tools, can significantly enhance this research area. As scientists learn more about the interactions between genes and environmental factors leading to acute colitis, we can expect better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to emerge.
"The future of treating acute colitis may well lie in our ability to understand it at the molecular level. Progressing in this realm could hold keys to unlocking new treatment paradigms"
"The future of treating acute colitis may well lie in our ability to understand it at the molecular level. Progressing in this realm could hold keys to unlocking new treatment paradigms"
